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Saturday, May 02, 2009

Hari Pertama: Komitmen Baru Amerika untuk Abad ke-21

100 Hari Pertama: Komitmen Baru Amerika untuk Abad ke-21

Oleh: James L. Jones, Penasihat Keamanan Nasional AS



Seratus hari yang lalu, Amerika Serikat merayakan pelantikan presidennya yang ke-44. Masyarakat di seluruh dunia turut bersama kami merayakan sebuah peristiwa yang bersejarah bagi rakyat Amerika dan juga bagi semua orang yang meyakini tercapainya harapan akan masa depan yang lebih baik bagi mereka maupun anak-anak mereka.



Kegembiraan dan optimisme yang kami rasakan sebagai bangsa Amerika pada tanggal 20 Januari lalu terus tumbuh, bahkan saat menghadapi krisis ekonomi global yang menyentak kesadaran, berita tentang sebuah virus flu, dan tantangan-tantangan di abad ke-21 seperti terorisme dan proliferasi nuklir; perubahan iklim dan kemiskinan; konflik yang berkepanjangan dan wabah penyakit yang berbahaya.



Tantangan-tantangan ini tidaklah disebabkan oleh sebuah negara, dan tidak pula dapat dipecahkan oleh sebuah negara tanpa bantuan negara lain. Seperti yang dikatakan Presiden Obama di hari keduanya sebagai Presiden AS, “Demi keamanan nasional kita serta aspirasi masyarakat di seluruh dunia, sebuah era baru kepemimpinan Amerika di dunia telah dimulai.”



Selama 100 hari pertama pemerintahannya, Presiden Obama telah menunjukkan kepada dunia seperti apa komitmen Amerika di bawah kepemimpinannya.



Pertama, Obama dan pemerintahannya berkomitmen untuk menyusun kebijakan luar negeri yang menjamin keamanan bagi rakyat Amerika serta negara-negara sahabat dan sekutunya. Komitmen global yang dibuat berdasarkan kepentingan bersama dan rasa saling menghormati adalah titik awal kebijakan luar negeri kami. Apabila di kemudian hari muncul situasi di mana pendekatan seperti ini tak dapat digunakan, Amerika Serikat akan bersedia mendengarkan dan berbicara dengan pihak-pihak yang berseteru untuk mengedepankan kepentingan nasional kami serta kepentingan negara-negara yang bergantung pada kepemimpinan AS dalam isu-isu keamanan. Dalam situasi di mana penggunaan kekuatan tak dapat dihindari, pihak yang berseteru dengan kami hendaknya tidak berangan-angan dalam memperkirakan hasil akhirnya. Inilah alasan mengapa kami akan terus mempertahankan Angkatan Bersenjata kami sebagai yang terbaik serta paling diperhitungkan dan dihormati di seluruh dunia.



Untuk menjalankan strategi komitmen kami, dan segera setelah menjabat, Presiden menunjuk sejumlah diplomat AS ulung sebagai Utusan Khusus dan Perwakilan – untuk perdamaian di Timur Tengah, untuk Asia Barat Daya, untuk Sudan, untuk Afghanistan dan Pakistan, dan untuk Perubahan Iklim. Fakta ini sendiri melukiskan bahwa abad ke-21 adalah saat di mana strategi-strategi nasional akan menjadi front terdepan dari tenaga dan fokus kami pada hal-hal yang berhubungan dengan keamanan nasional dan internasional. Hal ini menunjukkan sebuah pengakuan yang jelas bahwa kita harus berhadapan dengan dunia di saat ini dan bukan dunia pada abad ke-20. Selama tiga bulan terakhir ini, komunitas keamanan nasional termasuk para diplomat kami yang sedang bertugas di luar negeri terlibat dalan upaya diplomasi yang aktif dan efektif untuk mengatasi berbagai macam tantangan yang harus kita hadapi. Sampai saat ini, hasilnya cukup menjanjikan namun masih banyak yang harus dilakukan.



Presiden Obama juga telah menegaskan komitmennya secara jelas untuk menjalin dialog yang mendalam dan positif dengan komunitas Muslim di seluruh dunia. Itulah alasannya mengapa ia bersedia melakukan wawancara perdananya sebagai presiden dengan televisi Al-Arabiya. Itulah juga mengapa ia mengatakan kepada rakyat dan pemimpin Iran bahwa ia ingin membangun sebuah dialog baru mengenai berbagai macam isu yang kita hadapi, dan juga mengapa ia membahas masalah kemitraan yang baru dalam bidang pendidikan, kesehatan, dan peluang dalam pidatonya di hadapan Parlemen Turki. Akhirnya, itu juga mengapa ia menegaskan secara jelas bahwa Amerika Serikat tidak dan tidak akan pernah berperang melawan Islam.



Kedua, kami bertekad untuk memecah, membongkar, dan mengalahkan Al Qaeda. Pada bulan Maret, Presiden mengumukan hasil kajian strategi yang komprehensif untuk Pakistan dan Afghanistan yang pada akhirnya akan memberikan sumber-sumber daya yang kami butuhkan untuk mencapai tujuan kami sekaligus membantu rakyat Afghanistan dan Pakistan mendapatkan keamanan dan peluang yang lebih besar. Di Strasbourg, pada peringatan 60 tahun berdirinya Organisasi Pakta Pertahanan Atlantik Utara (NATO), Presiden memperoleh dukungan internasional yang luas atas strateginya dan komitmen dari para sekutu NATO untuk menciptakan sebuah konsep strategi yang baru sehingga aliansi ini dapat menjadi lebih relevan dalam menghadapi berbagai tantangan pada abad ke-21. Dan di Baghdad, Presiden kembali menekankan komitmennya untuk secara bertanggung jawab mengurangi jumlah pasukan kami sesuai dengan Status of Forces Agreement yang dirundingkan dengan Pemerintah Irak sambil membantu rakyat Irak mendapatkan tanggung jawabnya atas masa depan kedaulatannya sendiri.



Ketiga, Presiden Obama berupaya menjajaki pendekatan yang bersifat umum untuk mengatasi berbagai tantangan global. Di London, ia membantu membangun konsensus penting mengenai langkah-langkah nyata mengatasi krisis keuangan global seperti kerangka peraturan global yang baru, meningkatkan bantuan bagi negara-negara berkembang, dan komitmen baru atas perdagangan yang bebas dan adil. Di Praha, ia meluncurkan sebuah agenda yang ambisius untuk mengamankan semua bahan-bahan nuklir yang mudah diperoleh di seluruh dunia dalam waktu empat tahun, menekan proliferasi nuklir, dan memperjuangkan sebuah dunia yang bebas dari senjata nuklir.



Tidak jauh dari negeri kami, Presiden Obama mengakui bahwa kami ikut berbagi tanggung jawab dalam mengatasi secara efektif peredaran obat terlarang dan perdagangan gelap persenjataan dan ia telah meluncurkan sebuah program baru untuk memerangi kejahatan yang berkaitan dengan obat terlarang di sepanjang perbatasan antara AS dan Meksiko. Presiden juga mengumumkan dicabutnya larangan pengiriman uang dan perjalanan ke Kuba bagi warga negara Amerika keturunan Kuba, yang menandai sebuah era baru dengan negara tetangga kita di benua ini dengan menawarkan kerjasama di berbagai bidang pada acara pertemuan KTT Amerika.



Presiden juga bekerja secara efektif dengan berbagai organisasi multilateral. Dalam beberapa minggu terakhir Amerika Serikat bertemu dengan sekutu-sekutunya dan masyarakat dunia sebagai respons terhadap peluncuran rudal Korea Utara, serta mengembangkan upaya internasional untuk memerangi perompakan di perairan lepas pantai Somalia. Akhirnya, Amerika Serikat telah memberi sinyal atas keinginannya untuk tetap memimpin di beberapa prakarsa penting yang sangat signifikan bagi bumi kita ini dalam memajukan kemitraan di bidang energi yang bersih dan perubahan iklim, dimulai dari pertemuan persiapan pertama Forum Ekonomi Utama tentang Energi dan Iklim.



Pada akhirnya, Presiden Obama menafikan pilihan yang menyesatkan antara keamanan Amerika dan prinsip yang dianut. Pada hari pertama menjabat, ia memerintahkan penutupan penjara Teluk Guantanamo dalam kurun waktu satu tahun, melarang teknik-teknik interogasi penahanan terkini, dan secara gamblang menegaskan tanpa ada pengecualian atau dalih bahwa Amerika Serikat sepenuhnya mendukung Konvensi Jenewa dan tidak mempraktikan ataupun mentolerir bentuk-bentuk penyiksaan. Dalam hal ini, kami juga diharapkan untuk memimpin sebagai panutan dengan kekuatan kami.



Sementara telah banyak yang telah diucapkan dan dilakukan dalam seratus hari pertama pemerintahan Presiden Obama, bagi kita yang diberi kehormatan untuk mengabdi kepada negara kita di era yang sangat rumit dan menantang ini sepenuhnya menyadari bahwa kita baru berada di awal sebuah perjalanan. Kita yakin kita akan melakukan kemajuan dalam memenuhi beberapa tantangan besar yang kita hadapi untuk memperbaiki posisi Amerika sebagai teman dan mitra bagi semua yang mencari masa depan yang damai, makmur dan bermartabat bagi warganya.

Monday, April 27, 2009

Indonesia is the world's smokers : a grim fact

It's a grim fact that nearly half the world's smokers live in just three countries - China, India and Indonesia,, are taking up the habit at a very young age.

In China, one in ten boys aged 14 are smokers, and in Indonesia a third of students report taking their first puff before the age of 10.
In China, one in four boys aged 14 and under are smokers, while in Indonesia, a third of students report taking their first puff before the age of ten. [Reuters]
PHOTO

In China, one in four boys aged 14 and under are smokers, while in Indonesia, a third of students report taking their first puff before the age of ten. [Reuters]
AUDIO from Connect Asia
Dina Kania and Susan Lawrence discuss children smoking in Indonesia and China

Created: Wed, 22 Apr 2009 10:54:34 GMT+0700

Joanna McCarthy

Last Updated: Thu, 23 Apr 2009 10:39:00 +1000

The World Health Organization says the tobacco industry has long targeted young people as so-called "replacement smokers" to take the place of those who quit or die - and as smoking rates decline in the West, it's been setting its sights on the developing world.

Susan Lawrence, head of China programs at the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids in Washington DC, says the high smoking rates among adults in China make it more attractive to children.

"The message that society sends them is that smoking is normal, that if you're in a public place, you're smoking," she said.

"And there's this sense that this...is what men do. Grown-up men smoke and boys who want to look grown-up, smoke. Women smoking rates in China are still very low, but it's really a male phenomenon for the most part."

Dina Kania, a youth advocate for Indonesia's National Commission for Child Protection in Jakarta, says the industry is aggressively targeting young people through sponsorship.

"We have been doing tobacco industry surveillance since 2008 and it is very obvious and evident that they are targeting young people," she said.

"They sponsor music events and we have monitored about 1,350 events sponsored by tobacco industry and most of those events were attended by children and teenagers."

And Susan Lawrence says while there are some advertising restriction in China, the promotions and sponsorships are clearly aimed at the country's youth.

"There are a lot of schools in rural areas which carry tobacco names, tobacco brand names," she said.

"They do promotional events in shopping malls - bringing on very popular break dancing routines or popular singers to entice crowds - and a lot of people in those crowds are kids."

Tax revenue

Dina Kania says Indonesia's government is hesitant to regulate the tobacco industry because of the tax revenue it provides - up to a tenth of all government revenue in the country.

"The myth of the profits made by the tobacco industry, of their contribution to our country, is very strong in our country," she said.

"So that's why the government won't buy our arguments, our tobacco control advocate arguments, because they believe the tobacco industry more than us."

But Susan Lawrence says in China tobacco tax is about 40 per cent of the retail price, compared to the international norm of about 65 per cent of the price.

She says subsidies on the cheaper cigarettes, aimed at the rural markets, are also allowing more children to afford to smoke - and increasing taxes and reducing subsidies would not hurt the poor.

"I think that they actually help the poor in all sorts of ways," she said.

"The poor are the most price sensitive group out there, so if you raise tobacco taxes, you're going to see an awful lot of those people either quitting smoking or sharply reducing their consumption of cigarettes. And that helps because not only does it help with household incomes...but it also helps reduce tobacco-related illness.

"And tobacco-related illness in China can send people rapidly into serious poverty because there's no social safety net, really, to cover medical, big medical prices."

Parental responsibility

The World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, adopted in 2003, sets out measures for countries to protect against the dangers of tobacco, including limits on taxation, government policies, advertising and distribution.

There are 164 parties to the convention, including China, who ratified the agreement in 2005, and Susan Lawrence says the Chinese needs to live up to its commitments.

"I just think it's awfully hard for parents, when the signals that society is sending is that smoking is normal and that in fact, in China, that to be a real man, you have to smoke," she said.

"I think government really needs to play a role in taking on those messages."

Indonesia has so far not signed up to the framework - the only South-East Asian WHO member not involved - but Dina Kania says without the government's help, the issue of smoking has grown too big for parents to deal with.

"As parents, of course, they do have the responsibility to prevent the children from smoking," she said.

"But we should bear in mind that smoking can no longer be perceived as a private issue. I mean, it has become an epidemic and there is a matter of public health and there's this giant tobacco industry that is selling and promotes its product aggressively to young people.

"Efforts done by parents, it's so insufficient."

socio-democrat will soon face crisis

Reinventing social democracy vital for progress | theage.com.au
KEVIN Rudd has declared that the global financial crisis marks the end of the romance with free markets and the beginning of a new era of social democracy. But the prospects for a return to social democracy are grimmer than widely assumed.

There are three factors lining up to suggest that social democracy will soon face a crisis of its own. The first threat is perhaps the most manageable. Social democrats traditionally relied on Keynesian economics to manage the economy, arguing that through controlling interest rates and stimulus packages, governments can manage economic cycles. However, the current resurgence of Keynesian economics may be short-lived.

Governments are between a rock and a hard place as they stare down the global financial crisis. They have no choice but to throw everything at the problem or risk being accused of having done nothing when the worst takes hold. But they do not have enough money to fix the size of the problem. It is likely that they will plunge themselves into large debts, the economy will slump into the worst downturn in the electorate's memory anyway, and the stimulus packages will be dubbed a failure and a huge waste of resources. The Keynesian measures will be deemed to be flawed.

It is not a fair cop. Governments will not be able to prove how much worse things would have been if they had done nothing. And it does not follow that if a sea wall fails to stop a tsunami, it is not useful for controlling the tides. But if the history of ideas tells us anything, it is that Keynesian ideas will be left carrying the can for the depth of the recession whether it is fair or not.

The second threat is even more unsettling. Professor Bob Gregory gave a presentation at the Australian National University a few weeks ago in which he argued that this recession is likely to be the one that breaks the welfare state.

The problem is that in each recession since the 1970s, a cohort of people has been thrown into unemployment in the first year of the recession. Most of those people have never got back to full-time work again. They have moved off the dole and on to other forms of welfare, but they have continued to rely on government benefits for their primary source of income.

Green Taxi in Melbourne

HYBRIDS PUT TAXI INDUSTRY ON COURSE FOR A GREENER DRIVE
Monday, 27 April 2009
The Victorian taxi fleet will soon be even greener following the latest offer of 100 ‘green top’ taxi licences, half of which are for hybrid vehicles.
Public Transport Minister Lynne Kosky said that the new release is a testament to the Brumby Government’s commitment to create a more environmentally friendly taxi fleet.

“We’ve had an overwhelming response for the recent round of peak service licences, with the Victorian Taxi Directorate receiving more than 600 expressions of interest from career taxi drivers,” Ms Kosky said.

“Particularly encouraging is that there was equal demand for hybrid and conventional vehicles, which shows the taxi industry is embracing the shift towards becoming more environmentally friendly.”

Ms Kosky said that the new ‘green top’ taxis will continue to address peak demand and allows career drivers to be their own boss.

“Peak service taxis have been highly effective in reducing wait times for passengers and ensuring that people can catch a taxi during the late night and early morning hours,” she said.

“These licences also reward experienced taxi drivers, who have demonstrated service excellence within the industry, by providing them with a unique opportunity to run their own business.”

The ‘green’ taxi licences have been offered at the reduced rate of $765 (inc GST) instead of the $6,265 (inc GST) per annum fee for conventional vehicles.

Peak service taxis can operate between 3pm and 7am in the Melbourne metropolitan area.

The Brumby Government expects the first of the new peak service taxis to hit the streets within the next couple of months.

The latest issue of licences fulfils the Government's commitment to introduce 600 new peak service taxis over six years as part of a reform package designed to create a world class taxi and hire vehicle industry for Victoria.

Sunday, April 26, 2009

Thomas John Tudehope



By Brenden Hills

April 26, 2009 12:00am

HE'S clever enough to advise to the man who would be prime minister and stupidly reckless enough to drive drunk.
I know it is not important story, but it is interesting....atc least for me:)

Worse, as a 25-year-old still on his P-plates - one who has previously lost his licence - Thomas John Tudehope is forbidden to get behind the wheel with so much as drop of alcohol in him.

As magistrate Christopher Longley told Tudehope when he appeared in Waverley Court last week: "Half a drink more, and you'd find yourself in the court of criminal appeal and in jail."

Tudehope blew 0.14 - a reading almost three times the legal limit for fully licensed drivers - when he was pulled over by police for a random breath test at Double Bay on December 30.

P-platers are not allowed to have any alcohol in their blood while driving.

A police fact sheet said Tudehope was not displaying his P-plates when he was pulled over.

His solicitor, Patrick Doherty, said Tudehope, who pleaded guilty, had consumed "four to five drinks" at a function.

When the function finished, a colleague drove Tudehope's red Toyota Corolla to get some Japanese food at Double Bay, where the staffer had "two to three more drinks", the court heard.

Court documents said Tudehope had his first drink at 7.40pm and his last at 9.30pm.

Tudehope then drove his car the short distance to his Double Bay home, but was stopped by police near William St just after 10pm.

He was fined $1000 plus $73 in court costs, banned from driving for eight months and must attend a traffic offenders' program.



In October last year, Tudehope was fined $189 for not displaying his P-plates and $243 for making a U-turn across dividing lines.

Last May, his licence was suspended for three months after he was caught speeding.

He was also caught speeding in August, 2005.

Asked about the conviction, he said: "It was a personal mistake and a regrettable one at that."



A spokesman for Mr Turnbull said: "It is a personal mistake for which Tom has expressed regret and been punished appropriately by the court."